ممكن تقرير عن automation واسستخدامه في شبكات التوزيع

السلام عليكم

مرفق ملف عن
distribution automation
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent regulatory changes have caused emergence of new issues for the utilities in managing the powersystem and concern in retaining the customers. As distribution utilities shift from non-profit public utilities to profit-driven business enterprises, the question how to maintain and improve service reliability while keeping
electricity rates lower and protect shareholders’ interests becomes more difficult to answer. The trend that service reliability is going downwards is not uncommon as seen in some of the utilities. Reliability has a cost and regulators have to provide incentives to improve the system reliability. Besides the changing of the utility business, the emergence of new sensitive loads such as e-business data center, lntemet Service Provider (ISP) and industry with sensitive manufacturing process demanding
uninterrupted and stringent quality of power supply. These new loads not only add on the system peak demand about 5-13%‘and grow fast, but also require high standard of service reliability and power quality.
The evolutionary growth in microprocessor based devices and telecommunication equipment and network have brought the possibility of integrating protection, control, metering, automation and monitoring system cost effectively. This will considerably improve system reliability, quality of supply, and customer service and defer
capital investment on system expansion. Distribution automation and system monitoring meet the demands and requirements in improving service reliability at a lower cost.
In this paper authors will discuss the impact of deregulation on distribution utilities in Section 11. Distribution automation and system monitoring and their benefits are shown in Section 111. Communication system is an integrated part of implementing distribution automation and its functions are described in Section IV. In Section V the authors show their experience [1][2] and values in planning distribution automation, especially the
automatic switching. Technology of distribution automation is still under development and innovations will make
more benefits to utilities. Section V discusses the most beneficial DA function, automatic switching. The benefits
and innovation of automatic switching are reported. One of the keys to the success of such project depends on
establishing simple vision with clear goals and objectives. Proper Business Plans and effective Project
Management described briefly in Section V will ensure success
11. IMPACT OF DEREGULATION ON DISTRIBUTION UTILITIES
The main impacts of deregulation on distribution utilities were the procurement of electric power, maintain and
improve service reliability and better customer services. The procurement of electric power in the short-term and
long-term contracts between the utilities and the power providers is an important factor to ensure lower electricity
rates for customers at all times. In terms of engineering it is substantial to maintain and improve operation
efficiency in the deregulatory environment to provide power to customers at acceptable reliability level and to
serve the customer in better ways.
Under new structure of the deregulation the wire i.e. transmission and distribution system will be regulated and
generation will compete in open market. In the past regulators allowed the distributors to set the rates of
electricity based on “revenue requirement” or cost of service plus other expenses to be recovered in rates. In the
new business environment rates for monopoly distribution services, regulators are trying to create a balance
between the dollar paid by the consumers and return-on-investment (R01) that the shareholders of the utility are
allowed to eam [3]. There are different methods that can be considered, such as market based or incentive based.
Each one of them has different merits and demerits.
The regulator in Ontario at present chose a water down version of “Performance Based Regulation” (PBR). In
PBR quality of service provided to the customers is considered as one of the performance measurement criteria.
The quality of service may include improvement of system reliability, power quality, and customer services, etc.
The regulator will approve just and reasonable rates for transmitting and distributing electricity. Distribution
automation and system monitoring can meet the above quality of service improvement criteria and the cost
justification can be aligned with the corporate objectives of system performance improvement.
111. DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND SYSTEM MONITORING
1. Distribution Automation
Distribution Automation (DA) can be defined as automatically monitoring, protecting and
controlling switching operations through intelligent electronic devices to restore power service
during fault by sequential events and maintain better operating conditions back to normal
operations. If we add Demand Side Management (DSM) functions, such as Automatic Meter
Reading (AMR) and Load Management (LM), into distribution automation, it comes a broad
definition of Distribution Automation.
Distribution automation can be divided into three categories, such as transformer substation, feeder,
and customer premises automations. Usually the distribution automation on substation and feeder
are integrated to share common monitoring and controlling equipment and devices.
The DA functions on transformer substation include substation control such as bus voltage control,
circulating current control, bus load balancing and overload control, and transformer protection
such as bus fault isolation, and transformer isolation. The DA functions on feeder mainly include feeder automatic switching and feeder voltage/Var control. The former deals with fault identification, fault location, fault isolation and service restoration. The latter contains capacitor placement and voltage regulator control. The DA functions on the customer premise could be in a broad range covering load control, real-time price signaling, remote meter reading and billing, etc.
We have to justify these functions by evaluating their benefits. These benefits are financial,
operational & maintenance and customer satisfactions. The financial benefit and the expenses of operations and maintenance are quantified in dollars. The outcome of improved operational and maintenance benefits and customer satisfaction are not measurable. In order to make these types of benefits comparable we consider using customer interruption costs (CIC) to reflect these benefits,
which include tangible and intangible benefits [4][5].

2. Benefits of distribution automation
a. Financial benefits
0 Deferral of capital investment (new TS, additional transformer capacity, additional feeders,
0 Increased revenue due to quick restoration
Reduced operation and maintenance cost
Improved utilization of system capacity
Reduced system loss
0 Customer retention for improved quality of supply
reconductoring etc)
b. Operational & Maintenance benefits
0 Improved reliability by reducing outage duration
0 Improved voltage control
0 Reduced man hour and man power
0 Accurate and useful planning and operational datdinformation
Better fault detection and diagnostic analysis
0 Better management of system and component loading
c. Customer related benefits
0 Better service reliability
0 Reduce interruption cost for customers
0 Better quality of supply
3. System Monitoring
Over the years distribution system monitoring has been improved considerably because of financial benefits as well as improvement of system reliability. Monitoring system allows gathering information of the feeders, transformers [6][7], switchgears, and customer loads during normal operations as well as faulted conditions. With the advancement of sensors, high-speed communication system and the new processors with the high speed processing capability, tremendous scopes for online and offline diagnostics of system condition and equipment have emerged, which will ultimately reduce O&M cost and improve asset management. The information gathered by the monitoring system will help to integrate protection and control to improve customer service and system performance.
The monitoring system will collect a large number of valuable information, which will be
processed and stored in a data storage facility, and it will be used by different applications. It is important to plan ahead for the hardware, operating system and database technology to be employed. Possibly the business information will be integrated into the same database and hence the management of the data will be an important issue to resolve. [8][9]
4. Benefits of System Monitoring
Some utilities have implemented system to monitor embedded generators, transformers, cables, overhead lines and customers loads, etc. in the distribution system to achieve certain benefits such as:
Improve operation efficiency
Achieve better reliability
Reduce the risk of failure of equipment
Better information on customer’s load profile
Accurate load forecasting
Implement condition based maintenance
Less cost in meter reading
Reduced revenue losses due to theft of service
Improve outage reporting
The new information that will be made available by the monitoring system will encourage
researcher to develop new algorithms and software for protection & control, distribution

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