السلام عليكم

هنا سنبداء ببسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

و على بركة الله توكلنا

ساقوم بشرح تركيب خلايا انتج الوقود الهيدروجينى من الماء وكلما وجدت طريقة جديد اضفتها

و كلى امل بالخوة بالمنتدجى ان يضعوا بهذا الموضوع طرق تركيب الخلايا

فهو موضع لكل الناس لوضع افضل واسهل وانسب الطرق

حتى ننشر هذا العلم


انتظر حتى يكتمل تحميل الصور



http://www.noriny.com/up/11/c4664242ac.png

فكرة مبسطة عن الطريقة

http://www.noriny.com/up/11/9ae4d09e19.png



http://www.noriny.com/up/11/cb92d4b265.png


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/e4ff9f496d.png




طريقة الحصول على كل غاز منفرد




http://www.noriny.com/up/11/80b26d2d79.png


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/a52a13a7e2.png



http://www.noriny.com/up/11/9f28042f63.png


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/4ad4e047f3.png



http://www.noriny.com/up/11/98c84ba0ba.png





http://www.noriny.com/up/11/960cba07e6.png


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/836bf29add.png

ومن اهم استخداماته فى مجال اللحام للمعادن

http://www.noriny.com/up/11/74dd22763f.png




http://www.noriny.com/up/11/65c4afe4f8.png





================================================== ===================

طريقة اخرى


الصور هنا

http://i8.ebayimg.com/03/i/000/d8/88/a8b3_1.JPG



شرح كيف تضع الشرائح المعدنية

http://i5.ebayimg.com/06/i/000/d8/bb/e991_1.JPG


الواعاء المستخدم وترى بالخارج خرطوم بيان مستوى الماء

http://i10.ebayimg.com/08/i/000/d8/88/a9f4_1.JPG

ابسط شكل للخلية
هو ماسورتين داخل بعضهم البعض

المسافة الفاصلة 2مم الى 3مم



http://i5.ebayimg.com/05/i/000/d5/43/27b4_1.JPG


================================================== ========================

خلية اخرى

ويستخدم فيها الواح الاستانلس استيل -- يمكن الواح الصاج الحديد ولكن العمر الافتراضى قليل نسبيا نظرا لتئاكلها بالصداء


وتضع الواح الااستانلس موجب سالب موجب سالب وهكذا

انظر الصور هنا

هنا الواح الصاج

http://i18.ebayimg.com/01/i/000/d7/99/f104_1.JPG


وهنا بعد التركيب

http://www.noriny.com/up/11/f5d87b56d7.png


وهنا اثناء التجربة


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/c08c1dea46.png

وهنا بعد ادخالها العبوة الخاصة بها وخروج الغاز



http://www.noriny.com/up/11/5649217e48.png


================================================== ================================================== ==============

طريقة اخرى


و يستخدم فيها الصاج الحديدي المجلفى ضد الصداء

سمكه حوالى 4مم ويمكن 3مم

ويستخدم حلقات من المطاط لمنع تسريب الغز والماء والحلقات عليها مادة لاصق على الوجهين

تخانة الفاصل الكاوتش المطاطى 3مم

يتم عمل ثقبين مقاس واحد بوصة على كل الالواح
ماعدا اللوح الاول والاخير فكل واحد منهما به ثقب واحد فقط

الاول ثقب امام الثقوب السفلى لمرور الماء

والاخير ثقب علوى امام خروج الغاز امام الثقوب العلوية


يتم عمل حز علوى يمين ويسار الاواح لتركيب ترامل الكهرباء



خزان صغير خارجي لدخول الماء واختلاطة بالصودا =بيكربونات الصوديوم او البيكنج بودر

ومنها الى الخلية


يتم استخدام مسامير ربط قوية لربط الاواح ومع مسمار للضغط بالمنتصف

وتوصيل الكهرباء بالنسبة للموجب على الالواح الفردية مثلا وبالتالى يكون السلب على الالواح الزوجية

يتم تمرير الماء وع تشغيل مصدر التيار الكهربي
المستخدم هنا 24 فولت DC

والخرج حوالى 10 لتر غاز بالدقيقة

الصور هنا

http://www.noriny.com/up/11/0be1c545d8.png


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/9235cb3455.png




http://www.noriny.com/up/11/40db645f43.png




================================================== =======================
طريقة اخري

برطمان بالستيك
4 متر سلك حديد قطر يزيد عن 3مم

يتم لف كل 2 سلك على بعضهم

يتم احضار قطعتين من البلاستيك وتعشيقهم فى بعص للف السلك عليهم كما بالصورة

وتوصيل السلك بمسامير فى غطاء البرطمان

القدرة للوحدة 1 لتر بالدقيقة


http://img1.iwascoding.de/2/2008/03/05/B04D2D61651D433DAED852127CCC272F.jpg



===========================================

وبالنسبة لدائرة الرنين ليس لدى معلومات كافية عنها

غير انها توفر في الكهرباء المستخدمة الى 70%

وتزيد انتاجية الخلية الى 300% من الغاز

وهنا صورة لها


http://www.noriny.com/up/11/ac032e7fc2.png


فمن يتفضل بشرحها لنا فجزاه الله خيرا

يعطيك العافية واثابك الله على هذا المجهود

بالنسبة لدائرة الرنين تبدو بسيطه ان شاء الله يفيدنا فيها احد الكترونيي المنتدى

حبيت اسأل عن طرق انتاج الكهرباء من هذه العمليه
هل يوجد مولدات كهربائية تعمل بالهيدروجين؟
حسب علمي هناك خلايا وقود هيدروجينية
تزود بالهيدروجين وتعطي الكهرباء والماء
بحالتنا هذه يمكن اعادة الماء وتحليله واخذ الهيدروجين مرة اخرى وهكذا

ارجو ان نتوسع في نقطة انتاج الكهرباء من الهيدروجين ونصل لنموذج حسابي متكامل لحجم الطاقة المهدرة في انتاج الهيدروجين مقابل كميته وحجم الطاقة المستخرجة من المولدات بهذه الكمية سواء الاحتراقية او خلايا الوقود الهيدروجينية

يعطيك العافية واثابك الله على هذا المجهود

بالنسبة لدائرة الرنين تبدو بسيطه ان شاء الله يفيدنا فيها احد الكترونيي المنتدى

حبيت اسأل عن طرق انتاج الكهرباء من هذه العمليه
هل يوجد مولدات كهربائية تعمل بالهيدروجين؟
حسب علمي هناك خلايا وقود هيدروجينية
تزود بالهيدروجين وتعطي الكهرباء والماء
بحالتنا هذه يمكن اعادة الماء وتحليله واخذ الهيدروجين مرة اخرى وهكذا

ارجو ان نتوسع في نقطة انتاج الكهرباء من الهيدروجين ونصل لنموذج حسابي متكامل لحجم الطاقة المهدرة في انتاج الهيدروجين مقابل كميته وحجم الطاقة المستخرجة من المولدات بهذه الكمية سواء الاحتراقية او خلايا الوقود الهيدروجينية
الفكرة هنا الاسعار

ماذا تتكلف لتشغيل مولد ديزل او بنزين لمدة اسبوع

خمسة دولارات يوميا او اكثر

تكلفة انتاج وقود الماء تقترب من الصفر
ط
حساب بسيط

خلية انتاج وقود الماء تحتاج الى جهد 12V
فولت
و3 امبير

جهاز ادبتر لتخريج هذة القدرة لايحتاج الى اكثر من 50 وات

ويمكن استخدام البور سبلاى للكمبيوتر يحتاج الى 200 وات ويستطيع تشغيل 5وحدات لانتاج الغاز

الوحدة او الخليوة تستطيع تشغيل مولد كهرباء صغير بقدرة 800 وات
الستخدم 200 للبور سبلاى ويتبقي لديك 600 وات لتشغيل وانارة منزل صغير مثلا

هذا بالضافة الى ان البور سبلاى يمكنه تشغيل 4 مولدات اخرى لانتاج
4X800=3200 W

بالاضافى الى 600 من المولد الاول


بمعنى ان استخدمت 200 وات كهربي للحصول على الوقود المائى

وهذا الوقود المائي انتج لنا 4000 اربعة الالاف وات كهربي

بالضبط كما فى المفاعلات النوووية
يستخدموا جزء من الطاقة الكهربية المنتجة من المفاعل لتشغيله و لانتاج الملايين من الواتات الكهربية تكفى لتشغيل المصانع والمدن
اعتقد ان الفكرة وضحت الان


واتمنى من الاخوة الاعضاء الا يضعوا مشاركات لا تتعلق بشرح الخلايا

هذا موضوع لشرح الخلايا التى تعمل على السيارا ت من خلال مصدر كهربي بسيط
وفقط
وليست هنا مجال للنقاش والدردشة

وشكرا لكم

السلام عليكم ورحمه الله وبركاته

أولا تعتمد منظومه انتاج الهيدروجين من الماء علي عنصرين أساسيين ألا وهما

1_الخليه : وتسمي reactor او المفاعل وهي الأقطاب التي سيحدث بينها التحليل والوعاء الذي يحوي الماء واالأقطاب

2_المصدر الكهربي الذي يغذي الخليه : وهو أما التيار الكهربي المستمر مباشره أو ذبذبه منتجه من دائره رنين مثل طريقه ستانلي ماير

بالنسبه للخليه او المفاعل فبدون عناء او طول بحث مرهق انا سأوفر عليك عناء البحث عن أفضل طريقه لصنع الخليه وهي بالطبع طريقه ستانلي ماير وهي الطريقه التي تكون الخليه فيها عباره عن وحدات من المواسير ألأستانلس ستيل 316 الذي لا يصدأ ولا يتأثر بالأملاح ولا الأحماض وله عمر أفتراضي طويل جدا حتي مع النحر الكهربي كما ان طريقه المواسير المتداخله تكمل عمليه الرنين والتذبذب الكهربي وليست مجرد ترتيبه مبتكره والعبره في كفاءه تلك الخليه هي جوده صنعها
أما بالنسبه للمصدر الكهربي فالأفضل بلا أستثناء هو أستخدام دائره ستانلي ماير أيضا لأنها الطريقه الوحيده التي تعطي ناتج أكثر من أي طريقه أخري ولا تستهلك من الطاقه الا القليل حتي مع أستخدامها مع اي نوع من الخلايا

في النهايه أقول لك لقد قمت ببحث لكل انواع خلايا وقود الماء ومع التجارب الكثيره والمكلفه التي أجريتها لم اجد أكفا من طريقه ستانلي ماير في انتاج الهيدروجين من الماء

وبالرابط صور لأحدي تلك الخلايا التي صنعتها بنفسي وأعطت نتائج جيده وانا لازلت اتابع التجارب
http://rapidshare.com/files/98312784/__1575___1604___1582___1604___1610___1607_2.rar.ht ml

شكرا على الموضوع الجميل واتمنى لك التوفيق من الله

شكرا لك وبارك الله فيك وزادك الله علما ونفع بك

.السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
عودة لوضع بعض الصور لاحد الدوائر

اللتى صنعها احد المهندسين العرب
من اخوكم على الزملى


انتظروا حتى يكتمل تحميل الصور


1==


رسم الدائرة


http://upload.all-patch.org/images/270042.jpg


2==
تابع رسم الدائرة


http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/images/statusicon/wol_error.gifهذه الصورة تم تصغيرها تلقائياً. اضغط على هذا الشريط هنا لعرض الصورة بكامل حجمها. أبعاد الصورة الأصلية 1280x800.http://upload.all-patch.org/images/964622.JPG

3==
بعض القطع المستخدمة
من مكثفات


http://upload.all-patch.org/images/7473250015.jpg

4==
بعض المكثفات وسعتها
http://upload.all-patch.org/images/4966350046.jpg

5==

http://upload.all-patch.org/images/202950047.jpg

6==

http://upload.all-patch.org/images/7498850048.jpg


7==

http://upload.all-patch.org/images/506buz-350.jpg

8==
رسم توضيحى لدائرة

http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/images/statusicon/wol_error.gifهذه الصورة تم تصغيرها تلقائياً. اضغط على هذا الشريط هنا لعرض الصورة بكامل حجمها. أبعاد الصورة الأصلية 526x323.http://upload.all-patch.org/images/85984snapshot30.png


9==
كشف بالعناصر المستخدمة ولكن الصورة سيئة الى حد ما

http://upload.all-patch.org/images/85958snapshot31.png
ونسأل الله تعالى له الجنة والتوفيق والسداد فى الدنيا والاخرة لمن قام بتصميم تلك الدائرة



===

تاريخ التسجيل: Mar 2008
المشاركات: 28
المواضيع: 5
مشاركات: 23
عدد مشاركاته لهذا اليوم : 7
عدد مرات الشكر: 0
تم شكره 0 مره فى 0 مشاركة
Eh S(9) رد: دائرة الرنين الكهربي اللتى تجعلك من اغنى الناس
جزاكم الله خيرا على مروركم

والان الى الروابط الاصلية فقد عثرت عليها اثناء بحثي على الانترنت

وفيها فائدة عظيمة


الروابط
http://www.google.de/search?q=you+%3A%0Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.icubenetwork.c om%2Ffiles%2Fwatercar%2Fnon-commercial%2Fdave%2Fvideos%2FWfcrep.WMV&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-USfficial&client=firefox-a

وهنا ايضا
http://waterfuel.t35.com/wf_meyer_lawton.html

وهنا اكثر من 500 صفحة تتحدث عن الطاقة الحرة
http://waterfuel.100free.com/links_water_fuel.html

وهنا رابط للشرح

http://www.datalink.net.ua/h2o/D14.pdf


وهنا رابط لطريقة حديثة ايضا

http://merlib.org/files/pgfed/D16.pdf
وستجدون العجب العجاب هنا
http://www.web-space.tv/free-energy/


اتمنى ان تفتحت لنا طرق ومشاريع للشباب اللذى يبحث عن وظيفة فقط ولا امل له

الان اخى الكريم امامك الكثير والكثير لتعمله فالقطاع الخاص و المشروع الجديبد اساس نجاحك

السلام عليكم
شكرا للاستاذ water man على عرض الدائرة مرة اخرى لكي يستفاد الاخوان في المنتدى
الكبير

اخوكم علي الزاملي

والان مع الجديد على شبكة الانترنت
قائمة باسعار بيع تكل الدوائر على النتر نت مع صورها

اقتباس:
I Repair INVERTERS!

Do you have an Inverter which is burned out or simply will not work? Why not have it fixed. Check my repair prices below:
10 Watt-100 Watt: $9.99
101 Watt-300Watt: $19.99
301 Watt-600Watt: $39.99
601 Watt-1000Watt: $59.99
1001 Watt-2000Watt: $69.99
2001 Watt-4000Watt: $89.99
4001 Watt-5000Watt: $99.99
5001 Watt-7000Watt: $139.99
7001 Watt-10000Watt: $199.99
Over 10000Watt - Contact Me

Power Supply Repairs

Prices vary, & never more than $89.99 for repair. Most cases, the cost is less. NON-Programmable PSUs ONLY.
انتظر قليلا حتى يكتمل تحميل الصور


1==
http://www.pwmpower.com/img/efie/efie-5.jpg

2===

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/efie/efie-1.jpg

3===

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/efie/efie-2.jpg

4==

صورة البيوردة المستخدمة

http://www.pwmpower.com/pcb-example.jpg

وهذا سعرها $99.99

وطبعا ممكن تعرف المكسب كبير وحجمة من القطع الموجودة اللتى لاتساوى الخمسة دولاراتفهيا لمن ارد ان يتقدم ويصبح صاحب اكبر مشروع من نو

و هذة قيمتها
Single O2 Sensor EFIE Module
$49.99

وانتظر تحميل الصورة لتراها

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/efie/sefie2.jpg


http://www.pwmpower.com/img/efie/sefie1.jpg
مشروع ناجح جدا

شكل الداااااااااااااااااائرة بعد التشطيب

الصورة هنا
http://www.pwmpower.com/dlpwm-small.jpg

صور بعض القطع الالكترونه المستخدمة
1==| TRANSFORMERS |

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/audio_transformer.jpg

2===
| ICs

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/555_single.jpg
IC HOLDERS

3==
http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/icholder_single.jpg

4==
SPDT Switches
http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/spdtswitches.jpg


5==
| Rotaty 3 Position & 6 Position Switches
http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/rotaryswitch.jpg



6===| Binding Posts

http://www.pwmpower.com/img/saleitems/binding_posts.jpg




انتظر لاكتمال تحميل الصور

خلايا انتاج الغاز
انتظر تحميل الصور 1==

http://hydropowercar.com/e107_images/h2genpics/h2genplateclamp.jpg

2===



http://hydropowercar.com/e107_images/h2genpics/h2plates.jpg




3====
http://hydropowercar.com/e107_images/h2genpics/h2gensidepic.jpg
You can see a video of the working unit (http://hydropowercar.com/download.php?list.6) http://www.electronickits.com/images/affban1.jpg (http://electronickits.com/start.php?BID=1565&AID=21341)
http://hydropowercar.com/e107_themes/hpc/images/blockR.png


http://www.runyourcarwithwater.com/diagram.jpg




4=====


http://www.hydrogen-boost.com/index_files/image006.jpg


5====







http://www.water4gas.com/images/diesel.jpg








http://www.water4gas.com/images/diesel-airduct.jpg



http://www.water4gas.com/images/truck024.jpg

using a single cellhttp://www.water4gas.com/images/water4diesel.jpg

بعض الوحدات على السيارات


http://burn-water.net/newunithookedup.jpghttp://burn-water.net/newunitintruck.jpg


The electrical connection is very simple - we have eliminated the need to use relays or any other complications. The device connects to the 12 Volts of your battery via the ignition switch, to prevent hydrogen production when the engine is off. The device is fuse protected and draws very little current, only 1-3 Amps! This takes 10 minutes or less to connect.
http://burn-water.net/1999hondacrvfuelcell.jpg
انتظر اكتمال الصور والتحميل

ل The Famous Electrolyzer and two Bubblers (Flash-Back Arrestors)

شكل لدائرة سيارة

http://hyway1.com/gfx/new1.JPG


ويمكن توليد هذا اللهب للحام الحديد

http://hyway1.com/burningwater2.JPG http://hyway1.com/burningwater1.JPG
written: 2 H2O + Electric current => 2 H2 + O2 Now we know that it is: 2 H2O + Electric current => H + H + H + H + O + O => 2 H2 + O2 The middle step


Hydroxy (hydrogen and oxygen) :
Stan Meyer used a signal generator, rewired alternator, and a tube style electrolysis cell to run his Dune Buggy on water. He had numerous patents in the US and Internationally I've read most of Stanley Meyers patents and although I don't agree with his interpretation of the chemistry, he's inventions works.
We also have the ambition to run cars on water, but it is very difficult. The main reason is that the gas demand varies a lot depending on the driver and driving conditions. To get a car to idle on pure hydroxy gas is easy and also to keep steady highway speed. The challenge is when the driver is climbing a steep hill or in city traffic. To cover both extremes; low gas production when idling at a red light and then huge gas production when the light turns green, we have to develop the hydroxy generator further. We are confident that we will succeed but it will take time. Right now we have an electrolyzer in production that will be five times more efficient than the car electrolyzer we have now. I doubt that it will be sufficient to run my Jeep Grand Cherokee, but time will tell. If not, we'll ad electronics to boost the hydrogen production and also get more hydrogen atoms. That should definitely be enough. Meanwhile, I use the electrolyzer to reduce my fuel bills significantly and at the same time releasing almost no harmfull emissions.
The pictures below show water burning. The hydroxy gas comes from our electrolyzer. Note the red color of the flame. That's typical for hydrogen. http://hyway1.com/burningwater2.JPG http://hyway1.com/burningwater1.JPG
Here are three favorite videos that show that it is doable. Click on the video you wish to view below.
Stanley Meyer (http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=726557241)Denny Klein (http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=767528903) XOGEN (http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=1088369086)
Especially "XOGEN" and "Danny Klein" shows the hydroxy gas that our car electrolyzer produce.
Look at those videos and it will be a lot easier to understand.
Danny Klein says he has patent on the method, which is NOT true or at least the patent is not valid, because there has to be something unique about it to get a patent. This is simple electrolyses and the gas HHO, is nothing new. It is just lately that more thorough studies of it began though. Earlier the electrolyses process was written: 2 H2O + Electric current => 2 H2 + O2 Now we know that it is: 2 H2O + Electric current => H + H + H + H + O + O => 2 H2 + O2 The middle step is very important because it is in that form the gas is used. The single atom hydrogen does not react like normal molecular hydrogen. It is just as powerfull in single atom stage as two hydrogen atoms in a molecule are. It also has other unique properties which we are just beginning to discover.
During our experiments, we've found that the hydroxy gas has variable energy value ! When the flame is put close to a brick stone the temperature rise to over 4.000 Centigrade. When burning in air, like in the pictures above the flame has a temperature of app 300o C. Based on this we are getting some steel tubes built in brick stones to be used as heaters. We'll see how that works.
To install the electrolyzer in a car is very easy as you can see:

room condition, but this is an every day driver.http://hyway1.com/Jeep%20Electrolyser-1.JPG
http://hyway1.com/Jeep%20Electrolyzer-2.JPG

Pulse Generator. Perfect for testing and hydrogen production at home. http://hyway1.com/Pulse%20Generator1.JPG

بعض الصور للدائرة وجدتها فى هذا الرابط

http://www.elecfree.com/electronic/555-timer-pulse-generator/ (http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.**********.org/vb/redirector.php?url=http://www.elecfree.com/electronic/555-timer-pulse-generator/)

انتظر تحميل الصور

http://www.elecfree.com/electronic/wp-*******/uploads/2008/01/555-timer-pulse-generator.gif




وهذا الربط لشرح الدائرة

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تابع تحميل باقي الصور والدوائر

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للمزيد من المعلومات هنا

http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm

Pin connections

http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_01.gif You can use the 555 effectively
without understanding the function
of each pin in detail.
The 555 timer is an extremely versatile integrated circuit which can be used to build lots of different circuits.
Up
.
Astable circuits

Astable circuits produce pulses. The circuit most people use to make a 555 astable looks like this:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_02.gif
As you can see, the frequency, or repetition rate, of the output pulses is determined by the values of two resistors, R1 and R2 and by the timing capacitor, C.
The design formula for the frequency of the pulses is:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image106.gif The HIGH and LOW times of each pulse can be calculated from:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image117.gif
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image116.gif The duty cycle of the waveform, usually expressed as a percentage, is given by:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image121.gif An alternative measurement of HIGH and LOW times is the mark space ratio:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image119.gif Before calculating a frequency, you should know that it is usual to make R1=1 kW because this helps to give the output pulses a duty cycle close to 50%, that is, the HIGH and LOW times of the pulses are approximately equal.
Remember that design formulae work in fundamental units. However, it is often more convenient to work with other combinations of units:
resistance capacitance period frequency http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/ohm.gif F s Hz http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Mohm.gif µF s Hz http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/kohm.gif µF ms kHz With R values in MW and C values in µF, the frequency will be in Hz. Alternatively, with R values in kW and C values in µF, frequencies will be in kHz.
Suppose you want to design a circuit to produce a frequency of approximately 1 kHz for an alarm application. What values of R1, R2 and C should you use?
R1 should be 1kW, as already explained. This leaves you with the task of selecting values for R2 and C. The best thing to do is to rearrange the design formula so that the R values are on the right hand side:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image107.gif Now substitute for R1 and f :
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image108.gif
You are using R values in kW and f values in kHz, so C values will be in µF.
To make further progress, you must choose a value for C. At the same time, it is important to remember that practical values for R2 are between 1 kW and 1MW. Suppose you choose C = 10 nF = 0.01 µF:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image109.gif
that is:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image110.gif
and:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image111.gif
This is within the range of practical values and you can choose values from the E12 range of 68 kW or 82 kW. (The E12 range tells you which values of resistor are manufactured and easily available from suppliers.)
A test circuit can be set up on prototype board, as follows:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_10.gif
With the values of R1, R2 and C shown, the LED should flash at around 10 Hz.
What happens if you replace R2 with an LDR or a thermistor? This gives an astable which changes frequency in response to light intensity, or with temperature.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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Astable component selection

With a little practice, it is quite easy to choose appropriate values for a 555 timer astable. To make things even easier, you might like to download the DOCTRONICS 555 timer component selection program.
The program works with Windows 95 and looks like this:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_03.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/down555.htm)
To download the program (~210K), click on its image.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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More astables

Extended duty cycle astable:
An extremely useful variation of the standard astable circuit involves adding a diode in parallel with R2:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_07.gif
This simple addition has a dramatic effect on the behaviour of the circuit. The timing capacitor, C, is now filled only through R1 and emptied only through R2.
The design equation for the output pulse frequency is:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image114.gif HIGH and LOW times are calculated from:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image115.gif
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image116.gif With this circuit, the duty cycle can be any value you want. If R1 > R2, the duty cycle will be greater than 50% (*****alent to a mark space ratio of more than 1.0). On the other hand, if R2 > R1, the duty cycle will be less than 50% (mark space ratio less than 1.0).
This version of the 555 astable is used in the cyclist/pedestrian safety lights project.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
Minimum component astable:
This is a cheap and cheerful astable using just one resistor and one capacitor as the timing components:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_08.gif
Note that there is no connection to pin 7 and that R1 is linked to the output, pin 3.
The design equation for the circuit is:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image122.gif The HIGH and LOW times are supposed to be equal, giving a duty cycle of 50% (*****alent to a mark space ratio of 1.0).
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image123.gif However, if you build this circuit, it is probable that the HIGH time will be longer than the LOW time. (This happens because the maximum voltage reached by the output pulses is less than the power supply voltage.) Things will get worse if the output current increases.
If you need an astable circuit which can be adjusted to give an accurate frequency, this circuit is not the one to choose.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
Diminishing frequency astable:
The excitement and realism of electronic games, including roulette, can be increased using an astable circuit which is triggered to produce rapid pulses initially, but which then slows down and eventually stops altogether.
It is easy to modify the basic 555 astable circuit to produce this result:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_09.gif
When the 'go' button is pressed, the 47 µF capacitor in parallel with the timing network, R1, R2 and C, charges up very quickly through the 100 W resistor. When the button is released, the astable continues to oscillate but the charge stored slowly leaks away, with the result that it takes longer and longer to charge up the timing capacitor. To trigger the next pulse, the voltage across C must increase to two thirds of the power supply voltage. After a while, the voltage across the 47 µF drops below this value and the pulses stop.
With the values shown, the initial frequency is about 100 Hz and the output pulses coast to a stop after around 40 seconds.
The initial frequency can be calculated from the design equation for the basic 555 astable. To give a realistic coasting time, you should use large values for the resistors R1 and R2. The coasting time is determined by the 47 µF capacitor. Experiment with different values until you get the effect you want.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up

Diminishing frequency astable:
The excitement and realism of electronic games, including roulette, can be increased using an astable circuit which is triggered to produce rapid pulses initially, but which then slows down and eventually stops altogether.
It is easy to modify the basic 555 astable circuit to produce this result:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_09.gif
When the 'go' button is pressed, the 47 µF capacitor in parallel with the timing network, R1, R2 and C, charges up very quickly through the 100 W resistor. When the button is released, the astable continues to oscillate but the charge stored slowly leaks away, with the result that it takes longer and longer to charge up the timing capacitor. To trigger the next pulse, the voltage across C must increase to two thirds of the power supply voltage. After a while, the voltage across the 47 µF drops below this value and the pulses stop.
With the values shown, the initial frequency is about 100 Hz and the output pulses coast to a stop after around 40 seconds.
The initial frequency can be calculated from the design equation for the basic 555 astable. To give a realistic coasting time, you should use large values for the resistors R1 and R2. The coasting time is determined by the 47 µF capacitor. Experiment with different values until you get the effect you want.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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RESET input

If the RESET input, pin 4, is held HIGH, a 555 astable circuit functions as normal. However, if the RESET input is held LOW, output pulses are stopped. You can investigate this effect by connecting a switch/pull down resistor voltage divider to pin 4:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_14.gif
Here is the circuit on prototype board:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_15.gif
Use the design formula (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#design%20formula), or the DOCTRONICS component selector (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/down555.htm) program to calculate the frequency of pulses you would expect to obtain with this circuit.
In an electronic die, provided the output pulses are fast enough, it is impossible to 'cheat' by holding down the button for a definite length of time.
Think about how you could use this circuit together with a bistable as part of a burglar alarm. Under normal conditions, the output of the bistable is LOW and the astable is stopped. If the alarm is triggered, the output of the bistable goes HIGH and the pulses start, sounding the alarm.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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CONTROL VOLTAGE input

By applying a voltage to the CONTROL VOLTAGE input, pin 5, you can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In the astable mode, the control voltage can be varied from 1.7 V to the power supply voltage, producing an output frequency which can be higher or lower than the frequency set by the R1, R2, C timing network.
The CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable with a frequency modulated output. In the circuit below, one astable is used to control the frequency of a second, giving a 'police siren' sound effect.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_16.gif
In most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a 10 nF capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. You don't need to do this in building a test circuit, but this 'bypass' or 'decoupling' capacitor should be included in your final circuit.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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Monostable circuits

A monostable circuit produces a single pulse when triggered. The two questions about monostables you immediately need to ask are:
How can the circuit be triggered to produce an output pulse?
How is the duration, or period, of the output pulse determined?The circuit used to make a 555 timer monostable is:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_11.gif
As you can see, the trigger input is held HIGH by the 10 kW pull up resistor and is pulsed LOW when the trigger switch is pressed. The circuit is triggered by a falling edge, that is, by a sudden transition from HIGH to LOW.
The trigger pulse, produced by pressing the button, must be of shorter duration than the intended output pulse.
The period, t, of the output pulse can be calculated from the design equation:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Image124.gif Remember again about compatible measurement units:
resistance capacitance period http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/ohm.gif F s http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Mohm.gif µF s http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/kohm.gif µF ms With R1 = 1 MW and C = 1 µF, the output pulse will last for 1.1 s.
You can build a test version of the 555 monostable as follows:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_12.gif
By clicking on the monostable tab, the 555 component selection program can be used to investigate the effect of different R1 and C values:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_13.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/down555.htm)
To download the program (~210K), click on its image.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
.
More about triggering

For a simple 555 monostable, the trigger pulse must be shorter than the output pulse. Sometimes you want to trigger the monostable from a longer pulse:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_17.gif
The trigger network detects the falling edge at the end of each Vin pulse, producing a short 'spike' which triggers the monostable at the appropriate time. The period of the monostable pulse is shorter than the period of the Vin pulses.
If you want to trigger the monostable from a rising edge, you need to add a transistor NOT gate to the trigger circuit:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_18.gif
If you build these circuits, it is interesting to investigate the action of the trigger network using an oscilloscope.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation) Up
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555 as a transducer driver

A transducer is a subsytem which converts energy from one form into another, where one of the forms is electrical. In an output transducer, for example, electrical energy can be converted into light, sound, or movement.
The output of a 555 timer can deliver more than 100 mA of current. This means that output transducers including buzzers, filament lamps, loudspeakers and small motors can be connected directly to the output of the 555, pin 3.
You can use the 555 as a transducer driver, that is, as an electronic switch which turns the transducer ON or OFF:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_19.gif
This circuit has an inverting Schmitt trigger action. The 'inverting' part of this de******ion means that when Vin is LOW, the output is HIGH, and when Vin is HIGH, the output is LOW.
In a 'Schmitt trigger' circuit there are two different switching thresholds. If Vin is slowly increased starting from 0 V, the output voltage snaps from HIGH to LOW when Vin reaches a level equal to 2/3 of the power supply voltage. Once this level has been exceeded, decreasing Vin does not affect the output until Vin drops below 1/3 of the power supply voltage. (If an input change in one direction produces a different result from a change in the opposite direction, the circuit is said to show hysteresis.)
If a filament lamp is connected between the positive power supply rail and the output, as shown above, current flows through the lamp when the output voltage is LOW. In other words, the lamp lights when the input voltage is HIGH.
If you connect the lamp between the output and 0 V, the circuit will still work, but the lamp will light when the input voltage is LOW:
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/555_20.gif
Note that, in both versions of the circuit pins 2 and 6 are joined together. The circuit can be simplified by omitting the 10 nF bypass capacitor, and will continue to work when the RESET input, pin 4 is left unconnected.
Some people are very fond of this circuit and use it whenever a transducer driver is required. However, with a HIGH/LOW digital input signal the same result can be achieved more obviously and at lower cost using a transistor switch circuit.
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/images/Up.gif (http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm#navigation)

plitude in comparison with the sine and sawtooth waveforms. Check out the pictures below. http://www.diyguitarist.com/Images/FGPCB-Top.jpg This is the top of the circuit board. I used some non-coppered perfboard I had lying about to build the circuit on. Whenever I use perfboard, I like to mark up my perfboard with some fine point Sharpie markers and get all the connections worked out before I actually construct the circuit. I find it easier to do it this way. http://www.diyguitarist.com/Images/FGPCB-Bot.jpg This is the back side. It's a little more challenging using this type of perfboard over the copper padded type. http://www.diyguitarist.com/Images/FGFront.jpg Here is a view of the front. The enclosure comes from a defunct 4-way data switch box. I gutted it and created some graphics for the faceplate. It measures 7.5"x2.25"x5" deep. For the frequency range switch, I used a recycled rotary switch from an old parallel port A/B switch box. To make it work with this circuit, I had to disassemble it and rearrange the insides a little bit, but now it does exactly what I want it to. (I know, I could have just bought a new rotary switch, but I had this switch lying around...) Since I am using a single female BNC jack and a single 1/4" jack wired in parallel, I decided to use three SPST switches to switch between the different waveforms. One of the switches will be a on-center off-on type. I figure the middle position would make a nice "kill switch" which will prevent any waveforms from reaching the output jacks. I like the idea, because if I don't want any output, I can just flip that switch and leave the unit powered up. Of course, one could just use another rotary switch with a SPST switch that could act as a kill switch as well. I used the SPST switches mainly because I had a bunch of them lying around waiting for a new home...
This homebrew function generator isn't as fancy or accurate as the ones that are on the market, but for a do-it-yourselfer hobbyist type, it's adequate. I have found that the sine wave isn't totally accurate when I switch between frequency ranges, but I have incorporated a pot which corrects any waveform offsets, so it still quite useable and pretty accurate. Not too bad for a $20 project.

Electronics -- ICL8038-based Oscillator

Overview

The circuit here presents an Oscillator featuring the following attributes:
1.1A guaranteed output current for sine and triangle waves with thermal shutdown and protection diodes
Variable offset and gain for the sine/triangle output
CMOS-compatible complementary square wave outputs capable of driving into 50 Ohm with rise/fall times of 30ns at 10V (new in Rev 3).
Frequency range 0.5Hz to 300 kHz (but signal degenerates when approaching the upper frequency limit)
Single supply operation, 5V to 15V
About 50% duty cycle (non-precision and adjustable via a trim pot)(This is the 3rd revision dated 09/2004.)

Circuit

The circuit is a fairly easy design: It consists of the actual VCO (ICL8038 with supplement parts), the sine and triangle output stage (LT1210) and the CMOS-compatible output stage using the MOSFET driver chip ICL7667.
Download function generator circuit schematic:
PNG image (854x734 as seen below): funcgen8038-rev3.png (http://www.triplespark.net/elec/oscillator/ICL8038/funcgen8038-rev3.png) (26kb)
High-quality PDF: funcgen8038-rev3.pdf (http://www.triplespark.net/elec/oscillator/ICL8038/funcgen8038-rev3.pdf) (162kb)
Permission to copy and use this schematic is hereby granted provided credit is given where it is due.
http://www.triplespark.net/elec/oscillator/ICL8038/funcgen8038-rev3.png
The ICL8038 and all parts around on the lower half of the sheet make up the actual oscillator which is a modified design based on one of the application examples in Intersil (http://www.intersil.com/)'s data sheet. There is a large 6-stage switch (S1) to select the major frequency and a logarithmic potentiometer (R2) for minor frequency selection.
I discourage implementing the oscillator as shown in the above sheet because most of the other potentiometers turned out to be without significant enough effect on the output wave form to jusify their application. Furthermore, duty cycle adjustment will not keep a 50% ratio over all frequencies.
The switch S2 is used to choose between sine and triangle wave for the high-current amplifier.
The CD4030 on the left top is used as CMOS-logic signal preconditioning feeding the MOSFET driver IC ICL7667 as output stage for the complementary square wave output. The application of the two XOR gates has the advantage that it can supply a sqare wave and its complement without time offset between them (because CMOS has balanced raise and fall times). Use a bypass capacitor near the ICL7667 device as it can draw quite strong currents and is capable of driving into 50 Ohm up to at least 10V resulting in rise/fall times of 30ns. So, I'm now entirely satisfied with the digital output.
The industry-standard LM741 in combination with R11 is used to adjust the sine/triangle offset level. (Hint: You should probably use something better here - especially more output current cannot hurt.) Since this oscillator is single-supply, it comes handy that you can change the "zero level" of the wave output; you will normally adjust that to half of the supply voltage. R11 is meant to be available to the user.
The actual sine/triangle output amplifier was a bit hard to find because it should be able to drive 1A while still not degenerating signal wave form at some hundred kHz. After some searching, I found the ADSL line driver LT1210 from Linear Technology (http://www.linear.com/). Being an ADSL line driver, it has a high GBP and high slew rate while providing the required output current (1.1A guaranteed) at all frequencies in question. The part can be obtained e.g. from Bürklin (http://www.buerklin.de/).
It turned out that this quick current feedback amplifier required very good DC decoupling/bypassing capacitors in order not to start oscillating of its own (at frequencies up to 40MHz). It took me a lot of time to get it work properly; but once that is achieved, the amplifier shows very good performance. (Note: The current implementation is not yet perfect as I noted some months later: It may still start oscillating for parts of the period when driving some special loads.)
R18 is used to trim the VCO output offset from the ICL8038 (about half supply voltage). R12 is meant for the user as gain adjustment to tune the sine/triangle amplitude from zero to more than supply voltage (resulting in wave tips being cut off). The maximum gain is trimmed by R13/R14 and care sould be taken to use proper values (consult LT1210's data sheet for details).











http://www.intersil.com/cda/devicein...L8038%2C0.html (http://www.intersil.com/cda/deviceinfo/0%2C1477%2CICL8038%2C0.html)








http://www.intersil.com/data/FN/FN2864.pdf

Circuit.jpg De******ion:
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Don't believe anything you see or hear!

Function Generator http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Circuits/Testgear/funcgen.gif
Notes:
Built around a single 8038 waveform generator IC, this circuit produces sine, square or triangle waves from 20Hz to 200kHz in four switched ranges. There are both high and low level outputs which may be adjusted with the level control. This project makes a useful addition to any hobbyists workbench as well.
Allof the waveform generation is produced by IC1. This versatile IC even has a sweep input, but is not used in this circuit. The IC contains an internal squarewave oscillator, the frequency of which is controlled by timing capacitors C1 - C4 and the 10k potentiometer. The tolerance of the capacitors should be 10% or better for stability. The squarewave is differentiated to produce a triangular wave, which in turn is shaped to produce a sine wave. All this is done internally, with a minimum of external components. The purity of the sine wave is adjusted by the two 100k preset resistors.
The wave shape switch is a single pole 3 way rotary switch, the wiper arm selects the wave shape and is connected to a 10k potentiometer which controls the amplitude of all waveforms. IC2 is an LF351 op-amp wired as a standard direct coupled non-inverting buffer, providing isolation between the waveform generator, and also increasing output current. The 2.2k and 47 ohm resistors form the output attenuator. At the high output, the maximum amplitude is about 8V pk-pk with the square wave. The maximum for the triangle and sine waves is around 6V and 4V respectively. The low amplitude controls is useful for testing amplifiers, as amplitudes of 20mV and 50mV are easily achievable.
Setting Up:
The two 100k preset resistors adjust the purity of the sine wave. If adjusted correctly, then the distortion amounts to less than 1%. The output waveform ideally needs to be monitored with an oscilloscope, but most people reading this will not have access to one. There is however, an easy alternative:- Winscope. This piece of software uses your soundcard and turns your computer into an oscilloscope. It even has storage facility and a spectrum analyser, however it will only work up to around 20KHz or so. Needless to say, this is more than adequate for this circuit, as alignment on any range automatically aligns other ranges as well. Winscope is available at my download page click here (http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Downloads/download.htm). Winscope is freeware and designed by Konstantin Zeldovich. After downloading, read the manual supplied with winscope and make up a lead to your soundcard. My soundcard is a soundblaster with a stereo line input, i made up a lead with both left and right inputs connected together. Connect the lead to the high output of the function genereator, set the output level to high, shape to sine, and use the 1k to 10k range, (22nF capacitor). A waveform should be displayed, see the Figure 1 below:-
http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/wfm1.gif
Figure 1.
Here an undistorted sine wave is being displayed. The display on winscope may flicker, this is normal as it uses your soundcard to take samples of the input waveform. The "hold" button on winscope will display a steady waveform.
Alignment:
First adjust the 100k preset connected to Pin 1 of the 8038. An incorrect setting will look similar to the waveform below:-
http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/p1ooa.gif
Adjust the preset so that the top of the sine wave has a nicely rounded peak. Then adjust the other preset, again an incorrectly adjusted waveform is shown below: http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/p2ooa.gif
The two presets work together, so adjusting one affects the other. A little is all that's needed. When your waveform is asjusted and looks similar to Figure 1 press the FFT button on winscope. This will preform a fast fourier transform and the displayed output will be a spectrogram of the input. For a pure sine wave, only one signal is present, the fundamental frequency, no harmonics will be present and so a spectrogram for a pure sine should contain a single spike, see Figure 2 below:- http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/spec1.gif
Figure 2.
A distorted sine wave will contain odd and even harmonics, and although the shape of the sine may look good, the spectrogram will reveal spikes at the hormonics, see below:-
http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/distsine.gif
Once alignment of the sine wave is complete, the other wave shapes will also be set up correctly. Below is a picture of the triangle waveform generated from my circuit:-
http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Prac/scope/tri.gif
Finally the ICL8038PCD is available from Maplin Electronics (http://www.maplin.co.uk./) order code YH38R.
Return to Test Gear (http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Circuits/Testgear/testgear.htm)

Electronics related projects, information, and resources.
20MHz High Speed Function Generator The High Speed Function Generator was published in the professional electronics section of the Aug 1996 issue of Electronics Australia, and has proven to be extremely popular. The kit is no longer available from any of the kit suppliers.
The project is capable of generating 20MHz or greater Sine, Square, Triangle, and TTL waveforms.
http://alternatezone.com/electronics/images/hsfg.jpg The finished HSFG project, as published.
Read the complete article 20Mhz Function Generator (http://alternatezone.com/electronics/files/hsfglc.txt)
View the Schematic Diagram (http://alternatezone.com/electronics/images/hsfglc11.gif).
View the PCB (http://alternatezone.com/electronics/images/hsfglc20.gif) for the published version in 300dpi GIF format
View the PCB (http://alternatezone.com/electronics/images/hsfglc10.gif) for the simpler PCB mount version in 300dpi GIF format.
http://alternatezone.com/electronics/images/hsfg_1.jpg
My first HSFG prototype.
A double sided board with everything PCB mounted.
YES, those electro's are hanging over the edge of the PCB. I didn't have anything else available, and Jaycar was closed !. This one didn't have the TTL output, that was a last minute inclusion in the second prototype that was published, hence the oversight described below.
Notes & Errata
There is a problem with the TTL output when the generator is used on the LOW and MEDIUM frequency ranges AND the MAIN frequency adjust control is set to the lower 15% of it's range. Any significant loading on the TTL output will cause it to osscillate on the positive and negative edges. This is apparently an inherent problem with the MAX038 chip !. The only solution is to buffer the SYNC output of the MAX038 with a 74HC14 schmitt inverter. This can be mounted on a small piece of vero-board along with R10 and a bypass capacitor. Use the other 5 inverters in the package in parallel to provide a high current buffered output. Be sure to connect the supply pins of the 74HC14 directly to pins 15 and 16 of the MAX038.









hsfglc11.gif De******ion:
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DL PWM extra capacitors.bmp De******ion:
Filesize: 1.07 MB Viewed: 1321 Time(s)
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tlc555.pdf

I attached a pic showing three different dave lawton circuit schematics. My question is, which one to use!!! Each one has minor differences from the other two. I am still building my skill in circuit construction, so I don't want to have to guess if the circuit I am trying to build even works. Any help on which circuit (which D14.pdf version) to use would be great. I know there was another posting on this, but no one has posted a pic showing the three different versions. Thanks.


D14 Version Comparison.JPG De******ion: These schematics are of the following dates: June 2nd, June 10th, and December 24th Filesize: 181.98 KB Viewed: 159 Time(s)
http://www.waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/d14_version_comparison_124.jpg

I attached a pic showing three different dave lawton circuit schematics. My question is, which one to use!!! Each one has minor differences from the other two. I am still building my skill in circuit construction, so I don't want to have to guess if the circuit I am trying to build even works. Any help on which circuit (which D14.pdf version) to use would be great. I know there was another posting on this, but no one has posted a pic showing the three different versions. Thanks.


D14 Version Comparison.JPG De******ion: These schematics are of the following dates: June 2nd, June 10th, and December 24th Filesize: 181.98 KB Viewed: 159 Time(s)
http://www.waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/d14_version_comparison_124.jpg

w if there is anything I can inprove..
Thanks..


b2_spice_dave_lawton_circuit_picture_293.JPG De******ion:
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Dave Lawton PWM B2 spice v5 with VIC.txt De******ion:
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/images/txt.gif
Download (http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/download.php?id=416&sid=442d591a2ee0fdff3a88c0d18268498b) Filename: Dave Lawton PWM B2 spice v5 with VIC.txt Filesize: 280.28 KB Downloaded: 88 Time(s)

total uninstall installation.txt De******ion:
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/images/txt.gif
Download (http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/download.php?id=415&sid=442d591a2ee0fdff3a88c0d18268498b) Filename: total uninstall installation.txt Filesize: 822.6 KB Downloaded: 68 Time(s)


Last edited by eclipsed78 on Sun Sep 16, 2007 12:20 pm; edited 3 times in total

Rb and Ct with the controls given and see the change of frequency, period and duty cycle.

Astable 555 Multivibrator - doc00019 http://www.delabs-circuits.com/gadgets/add-to-google.png (http://fusion.google.com/ig/add?synd=open&source=ggyp&moduleurl=http://www.delabs-circuits.com/gadgets/astable-555/index.xml)
The Interactive demo below requires images and java****** to be enabled.
freq Hz period Sec duty cycle http://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/gates/gifs/red_off.gif
Power http://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/gates/gifs/red_button_up.gif Ra


kilo ohms mega ohms
Rb


kilo ohms mega ohms
Ct


uF nF http://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/gates/gifs/del00018.gif

LED1 http://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/gates/gifs/green_off.gif



LED2 http://www.delabs-circuits.com/cirdir/theory/gates/gifs/yellow_off.gif





Above in Gadget form, Astable 555 Multivibrator Gadget (http://gmodules.com/ig/creator?url=http://www.delabs-circuits.com/gadgets/astable-555/index.xml&synd=open&w=230&h=280&title=Astable+Multivibrator+with+555&border=%23ffffff%7C3px%2C1px+solid+%23999999) , for your ***page or Google Home Page (http://www.google.com/ig).


These are the formulae used by 555 and same is used in java****** without any change.

T1 = 0.693 (Ra + Rb) * Ct charge time of Ct

T2 = 0.693 (Rb * Ct) discharge time of Ct

T = T1 + T 2 total period in seconds

F = 1 / T = 1.44 / ((Ra + (2 * Rb)) * Ct) Frequency in Hertz

D = T 2 / T duty cycle, multiply by 100 to get %.

Ct in farads and Ra-Rb in ohms.



breadboard1.JPG De******ion:
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breadboard2.JPG De******ion:
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18 Khz Locked in (XOR not locked in).JPG De******ion:
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18 KHz off of volt meter.JPG De******ion:
Filesize: 1.81 MB Viewed: 1212 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/18_khz_off_of_volt_meter_533.jpg



magnified pulses 262.6 KHz.JPG De******ion:
Filesize: 1.59 MB Viewed: 1212 Time(s)
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262 KHz locked in (XOR not lock in).JPG De******ion:
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freq counter 262_6Khz input.JPG De******ion:
Filesize: 1.96 MB Viewed: 1212 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/freq_counter_262_6khz_input_467.jpg

The limitation in this circuit is that the 4046 can only run up to 20kHz so that the input frequency is limited to 200Hz or 2kHz, depending on the multiplication ratio. This is quite adequate for measuring bass reflex cabinets.







ernst


100598_6lo.jpg De******ion:
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و هيا ياشباب


PG De******ion: thats my camra..As you can see they are very polished..hopfully it will make them more hydrophilic... Filesize: 1.35 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/1st_1200_grit_sanded_530.jpg



2nd 1200 grit sanded.JPG De******ion: thats a reflection of a ****f brace Filesize: 1.48 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/2nd_1200_grit_sanded_186.jpg



both 1200 grit sanded.JPG De******ion: I have only one cell of these right now...if they work better I will have the rest done.. Filesize: 1.6 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/both_1200_grit_sanded_111.jpg



Closed new protoboard.JPG De******ion: on the go..for science presentations Filesize: 2.36 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/closed_new_protoboard_996.jpg



curve traser.JPG De******ion: This works still, even with its vaccum tubes....can test mosfets, transistors, diodes...works great... Filesize: 2.02 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/curve_traser_128.jpg



My workshop.JPG De******ion: Hope you like it.. Filesize: 2.29 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/my_workshop_268.jpg



New proto board with buggy pll.JPG De******ion: its less cramped, but I got some work on it that needs to be done.. Filesize: 2.07 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/new_proto_board_with_buggy_pll_602.jpg



New proto Board.JPG De******ion: Total cost, $45, case was 11...found the wood.., the pegs were 5.50 each..I had the wire and the wire ties Filesize: 2.22 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/new_proto_board_798.jpg





تابع الصور







PG De******ion: I was able to include the VIC and the rectifier rack into the new case.. Filesize: 2.12 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/new_protoboard_closeup_364.jpg



O Scope0.JPG De******ion: here is my oscope, 60Mhz, really old, but still pretty acurate Filesize: 1.64 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/o_scope0_206.jpg



Protoboard, freq gen, 50V PS.JPG De******ion: I love new stuff Filesize: 2.12 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/protoboard_freq_gen_50v_ps_146.jpg



VIC1.JPG De******ion: this has bifilar chokes, about 870 turns on secondary, 127 turns on primary, and about 50 or so per choke Filesize: 1.64 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/vic1_544.jpg



working pll closeup.JPG De******ion: As you can see, it pretty messy Filesize: 1.95 MB Viewed: 600 Time(s)
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/files/working_pll_closeup_384.jpg

نموذج جديد وقوى

الصورة هناStans working prototype PLL_(edited).JPG De******ion:
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ok, back to the DEMO version B2 spice 45 DAY trial program...
Its cool becuase the pots can be changed while the simulation is running, as well as all of the capacitors and resistors....
One thing is that the forum was not able to reconize the file extension so I uploaded it as a .txt file, just change the extension of the file back to ".cpr" once you download it....And I checked that there is no problem with changing the file back to the .cpr and it should work...if not something in the forum is doing it...
tell me what you think and if anyone with some experience with spice programs..let me know if there is anything I can inprove..
Thanks..


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Dave Lawton PWM B2 spice v5 with VIC.txt De******ion:
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/images/txt.gif
Download (http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/download.php?id=416) Filename: Dave Lawton PWM B2 spice v5 with VIC.txt Filesize: 280.28 KB Downloaded: 88 Time(s)

total uninstall installation.txt De******ion:
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/images/txt.gif
Download (http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/download.php?id=415) Filename: total uninstall installation.txt Filesize: 822.6 KB Downloaded: 68 Time(s)

بعض الصور قد لال تظهر بسبب عيب فى موقع الرفع

ربما تظهر في وقت لاحق

مشكور اخي و جازاك الله كل الخير و ان شاء الله في ميزان حسناتك

مجهود رائع اعانك الله اخي تستاهل كل الخير

السلام عليكم
الى الاخوة المهندسين الذين قامو ببناء خلية الوقود من الصفائح الستيل 316 .عند بداء تشغيل الخلية وتبدء بتحليل الماء وتحرير او فصل الهيدروجين يبدء لون الماء يتغير بحيث يصبح اسود الون بعد دقائق من عمل الخلية. ما هو السبب

السلام عليكم
الى الاخوة المهندسين الذين قامو ببناء خلية الوقود من الصفائح الستيل 316 .عند بداء تشغيل الخلية وتبدء بتحليل الماء وتحرير او فصل الهيدروجين يبدء لون الماء يتغير بحيث يصبح اسود الون بعد دقائق من عمل الخلية. ما هو السبب


العيب هنا بيكون فى الاستانلس استيل

وللاسف نوع مغشوش والبائع يقول لك انه اصلى

السواد من الاكاسيد بالمعدن او الماء عير نظيف وبالنسبة لتجربتى لم اجد الماء تحول للون الاسود ابدا ومع التجربة لفترات


ومشكورا يمكنك مشاهدة التجارب على الانترنت في you tube

اكتب بخانة البحث به تلك الاحرف وستجد المئات من التجارب ولن تجد ابدا ان الماء قد اسود
HHO

وبالله التوفيق

السلام عليكم
الى الاخوة المهندسين الذين قامو ببناء خلية تحليل الماء والحصول على الهيدروجين باستخدام صفائح الستيل 316 . عند تشغيل الخلية وبداء تحليل الماء والحصول على الهيدروجين يبداء لون الماء يتغير الى الون الاسود هل يحدث هذا لديكم وما سبب تغير لون الماء.



مع تحيات
المهندس ظافر مانع الشمخي

السلام عليكم
الى الاخوة المهندسين الذين قامو ببناء خلية تحليل الماء والحصول على الهيدروجين باستخدام صفائح الستيل 316 . عند تشغيل الخلية وبداء تحليل الماء والحصول على الهيدروجين يبداء لون الماء يتغير الى الون الاسود هل يحدث هذا لديكم وما سبب تغير لون الماء.



مع تحيات
المهندس ظافر مانع الشمخي

السلام عليكم
شلونك دكتور ظافر
خوية ابو سجاد سبب تغير اللون هو عدم نقاوة الستلنس استيل
خوية ابحث عن التلنس ستيل 316 الاصلي المختوم

اخوك علي الزاملي
تحياتي

الله يعطيك الف الف الف عافية ويجزيك الخير

دعائي بالتوفيق للجميع ,مازلنا ننتظر مزيداً من النتائج

دعائي بالتوفيق للجميع ,مازلنا ننتظر مزيداً من النتائج



و جزاكم الله خيرا
وفي انتظار تجارب الاخرين